Beneath the veneer of our super-sophisticated 21st-century existence, there lies a very basic truth: our lives are fundamentally governed by daily biological cycles called circadian rhythms.

These rhythms dictate the best time for us to eat, drink, sleep, have sex and even to get vaccinations. And we defy them at our peril.

Mounting evidence shows how our modern electrically illuminated life, which knocks off kilter the natural cycle of exposure to sunlight and darkness, vastly raises the risk of illnesses such as heart disease and obesity.

The basic mechanism of our circadian rhythms — or the body clock as they are more popularly known — was revealed three decades ago. But only this week has the highest scientific recognition, in the form of the Nobel Prize, been awarded to the three American scientists who discovered it: Jeffrey Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael Young.

It’s taken that long for the scientific community to appreciate fully the astonishing importance of circadian rhythms. Indeed, body clocks lie at the core of our existence. Here, JOHN NAISH reveals what makes us tick. In 1984, the three scientists identified a gene that runs the 24-hour biological clock inside humans. It ensures that our bodies stay in sync with the revolutions of the Earth and the shifts between day and night.

The researchers bred fruit flies that lacked this gene and found the insects were unable to control their most basic biological functions such as blood pressure, heart-rate, temperature, hormone levels, metabolism, sleep, and even behaviour.

‘This mechanism has its fingers in every aspect of physiology and behaviour that humans undergo,’ Professor Rosbash explained this week. Researchers at the universities of Bath and Surrey recently reported the discovery of circadian clocks in our muscles which, if disrupted, may be linked to the development of Type 2 diabetes.

They found that the muscle clocks are involved in regulating how the body responds to insulin — a hormone that promotes the uptake of glucose from the blood.

Poor quality sleep — known to increase the risk of Type 2 diabetes — may disrupt the muscle clocks and help to trigger insulin-resistance, leading to high blood sugar levels that are characteristic of the disease. One possible evolutionary reason for the existence of larks and owls is that it enabled our tribal ancestors to ensure there were suitably alert guards around their camps, night and day.

Being a morning or an evening person appears to be linked to the hour of our birth.

A study of thousands of U.S. students found that those born in the morning scored better in IQ tests held in the morning and thus were larks. Those born later in the day did better in tests held late in the afternoon and thus were owls.

Our body clocks may be set when, as babies, we are first exposed to the light of the world.

Today society has change for the men as we are the power of the human race today, with out man this world would not function in the correct manner based on human development, men's brains are different to a woman's brain, our internal figure is a stronger developing source that has different ability that is different from a women, it's seems that the man internal productive eggs are not forming in the correct manner, most humans across the world are having girls more then boys, it's all based around the chemistry affect that relates a man to develop a child that is a boy. More men are single or never in a stable relation due to the actions of a women. The reason for this is because the women is the driving aspect of everyday work that is connected to brain function mentally which acts as a affect within two humans that create and bond to develop a human In to living society. Men are not productive based on producing a boy child as more girls are entering in to the world and we are declining based on scientific research that does not state a reason why. Now to find why boy are less often to be produce research need to advance.  It's all with the brain of a man that gives the required development and if a women brain has more capability of understand it will turn in her favour. This aspect within years to come could see a fall in our human race that see a world come to a end. Please view the video above based on the world with out a human race. Ps Cs

Fragility of male sex chromosome has caused it to shed more than 900 genes over the course of evolution, but one recently discovered protective mechanism may yet save the day. While this may sound far-fetched, the animal kingdom throws up some scary precedents. Whiptail lizards are a case in point: they have already evolved into a self-sustaining species composed entirely of females. Others believe that, before such a perfectly matriarchal society could ever come to fruition on a global scale, the earth would be destroyed by nuclear Armageddon, a renegade asteroid, Men are living on borrowed time, according to a leading female scientist.

Professor Jenny Graves even claims the male of the species is heading for extinction.

And chaps, the bad news doesn’t end there, because the process may have already started. 

A CHROMOSOME CRISIS

The female, or X, chromosome, contains around 1,000 genes, and females have two of them.  

The Y chromosome started off with as many genes as its female counterpart.  

But over hundreds of millions of years it has crumbled away, leaving fewer than 100 genes in modern man.

This includes the SRY gene, the ‘male master switch’ that determines whether an embryo is male or female. 

What is more, while women have two X chromosomes, men have just one, ‘wimpy’, Y. 

This is key, as the pairing allows the X to make crucial repairs. 

Lacking a mate, the Y chromosome finds it more difficult to patch up mistakes and so decays away. 

Professor Graves, one of Australia’s most influential scientists, believes that women will win the battle of the sexes – and in the most definitive way possible.

She says that the inherent fragility of the male sex chromosome, the Y sex chromosome, means that men are sliding towards extinction. 

Professor Graves’s prediction hinges around the number of genes on the male and female sex chromosomes.

The female, or X, chromosome, contains a healthy 1,000 or so genes.  

What's more, girls and women have two of them. 

The Y chromosome started off with as many genes as its female counterpart.  

But over hundreds of millions of years it has crumbled away, leaving fewer than 100 genes in modern man.

This includes the SRY gene, the ‘male master switch’ that determines whether an embryo is male or female. 

What is more, while women have two X chromosomes, men have just one, ‘wimpy’, Y. 

This is key, as the pairing allows the X to make crucial repairs.  

Lacking a mate, the Y chromosome finds it more difficult to patch up mistakes and so decays away. 

Professor Graves, of Canberra University, said: ‘The X chromosome is all alone in the male but in the female it has a friend, so it can swop bits and repair itself. 

‘If the Y gets hit, it’s a downward spiral.’ 

Giving a public lecture, the professor said: ‘It is very bad news for all the men here.’ 

And there is more bad news. 

In her talk at the Australian Academy of Science, the professor described the remaining genes on the Y chromosome as being mostly ‘junk’. 

She said: ‘It’s a lovely example of what I call dumb design. 

‘It’s an evolutionary accident.’

However,  there is some good news. 

Today's society is full of different cultures that are from different parts of the world, people that are rasied from a family who are Christian that aim a belief that is not true to the history. People look for the better life that aims luxury through marriage or support, you can get a person that can't speak a language that is of different culture but they aim to dress there culture way or act there's culture way as this is fake which is called paganism, eg a white or black christian women or man who follows her belief of Christ is then is wearing and acting in a different faith to a next religion which she or he has no understand too but this nature of there act sees a snake attitude from other people that keep to one belief, as they know this person is acting on behalf of a different faith because she wants gold, money, he or she sees assets or good achivment that can benefit his or her life. Nothing is built on true love or loyal attitude in today's living society. People see a road that is of difference to years back when people was built on respect to the born culture within there family. The UK has become a multi culture that has push the true faith of this country or London to a change. The lost soul has no spoken word for his or her judgement with our future. Who are we.....? Do we know our path? what does the future hold for people?  It's more difficult to see a change to our living race or our culture that we hold as a driven motive to being all as one within our society. It deems to get worst as the day turns to dark. What is the dream for our future. How do we ask this question? Please see the definition of paganism in the video above. Ps Cs

President-elect Donald Trump is again distancing himself from the alt-right movement as its white supremacist members claim his election as a boon for their agenda.

"I disavow and condemn them," Trump said Tuesday during a wide-ranging interview with staff members of The New York Times.

It's the latest attempt from Trump to separate himself from groups and individuals widely condemned for their advocacy of white supremacy in American culture.

The Republican president-elect added that he does not want to "energize" the groups, one of which garnered viral headlines this weekend with a gathering in Washington, where organizers and attendees evoked Adolf Hitler's Third Reich with cries of "Heil Trump!" and reprisals of the Nazi salute. The Times has not yet released a full transcript or video of the meeting, but participants used Twitter to share Trump's remarks throughout the exchange.

Richard Spencer, an alt-right leader who convened the weekend gathering sponsored by his National Policy Institute, told the Associated Press he was "disappointed" in Trump's comments. But Spencer said he understands "where he's coming from politically and practically," adding that he will "wait and see" how the real estate mogul's administration takes shape.

Still, Spencer argued Trump needs the alt-right movement and should be wary of shunning it because of a few news cycles of bad publicity "that do not define what we're doing." Spencer said Trump needs people like him "to actualize the populism that fueled his campaign."

Trump's denunciation also comes amid continued criticism over his naming of Steve Bannon, who managed the final months of the billionaire businessman's presidential campaign, as chief White House strategist. Bannon was previously the leader of Breitbart News, an unapologetically conservative outlet that Bannon has described as a "platform for the alt-right."

At the Times, Trump said Breitbart "is just a publication" that "covers subjects on the right" and is "certainly a much more conservative paper, to put it mildly, than The New York Times."

Before Trump's latest denunciations, Spencer told the AP earlier Tuesday that he doesn't see either Trump or Bannon as members of his movement, though "there is some common ground."

Spencer said he and like-minded "identitarians" — his preferred label for white identity politics — see Trump's election as validating their view that the U.S. is flailing because it has embraced multiculturalism and political correctness at the expense of its European heritage.

Spencer said "without an intellectual vanguard" that white nationalists can provide, Trump would have a "meaningless" tenure mired in the "mainstream conservative movement" that he's railed against. "The whole promise of his campaign was that he wouldn't do that," Spencer said.

Throughout his campaign, white nationalists have embraced Trump's hard-line approach on immigration and other issues. He sometimes used his Twitter account to distribute comments and links from white supremacist accounts, including a famous quotation from Benito Mussolini, the 20th century fascist leader of Italy.

The president-elect's son, Donald Trump Jr., also became a flashpoint by using social media to distribute imagery with xenophobic or racist connotations. In September, the younger Trump posted a doctored image of himself, his father and several other prominent Trump allies next to Pepe the Frog, a cartoon character that Spencer chose as a mascot for his movement. Trump Jr. also retweeted an academic who argued that anti-Semitism is a "logical" response to a belief that Jews control the world's banks.

In February, the elder Trump refused during a CNN interview to denounce the Ku Klux Klan and one of its former leaders, David Duke, saying he "didn't know anything" about Duke. Initially, he said a faulty earpiece left him unable to hear the questions clearly, but days later he issued a clearer condemnation.

"David Duke is a bad person," Trump said in an MSNBC interview. "I disavowed the KKK," he added. "Do you want me to do it again for the 12th time?"

The husband of a police detective has been charged with her murder after the mother-of-three's body was discovered in a lake.

Leanne McKie, 39, a serving Greater Manchester Police officer, was found dead in Poynton Park, Cheshire on Friday.

Her husband, fellow officer Darren McKie, was arrested on suspicion of murder and has now been charged by detectives investigating the case.

The 43-year-old, from Wilmslow in Cheshire, is due before South and East Cheshire Magistrates' Court tomorrow. A spokeswoman for Cheshire Police said: 'Darren McKie was arrested in the early hours of Friday after the body of Leanne McKie was found in a lake at Poynton Park.

'He was subsequently charged with murder today and has been remanded in police custody to appear at South and East Cheshire Magistrates' Court tomorrow.'

Cheshire Police were called to Poynton Park at about 3.45am on Friday after reports of a body, which was soon identified as Mrs McKie.

The mother-of-three joined Greater Manchester Police in 2001 and worked in the force's serious sexual offences unit.

Neighbours said the couple had only moved into their Cheshire home a few weeks ago, after refurbishing the detached property. They had been renting a home nearby while the house was under renovation. One neighbour described Leanne as 'a lovely lady'. 

Earlier on Monday, police said they wanted to speak to a group of four people who walked past the lake off London Road Northat 12.15am on Friday.

Detectives said they were keen to hear from anyone who was in the area around Poynton Park between 11.30pm on September 28 and 3.30am the following day.

They also reiterated their appeal to anyone who believes they may have seen the mother-of-three's red Mini car.

The car's registration reads DA12 DFO, with detectives keen to speak to anyone who caught a glimpse of the vehicle on Thursday or Friday. 

A fitness fanatic who was about to propose to his girlfriend after secretly buying an engagement ring died from heart failure aged just 25.

Sam Standerwick was found dead in a hotel room by friends after a night out in Liverpool, with tests later revealing his arteries had blockages that resembled a patient with a major heart disease.

His heartbroken family revealed he had put off a trip to the doctor before the night out even though he had been recently complaining of heart palpitations.  

Before he left he told his parents he loved them and said he would see them the following day - but he went to sleep and never woke up.

After he died the engagement ring was found among his possessions at the Arthouse Hotel - revealing he had been planning to propose to his girlfriend Kim Fisher, 22. His devastated father Adrian said: 'His heart just didn't have enough power to keep going and just stopped beating in his sleep.

'We just couldn't believe it. We had nine weeks to wait for the inquest and it was driving us crazy thinking: "What is this? Did someone inject him with drugs? Was it a brain aneurysm?". He had gone to sleep and just never woken up.

'It's heartbreaking. If I knew then what I know now, Sam would still be here.'

Sam, from Conwy, North Wales, who worked at his father's CCTV business and was planning to set up his own firm, had been suffering from heart palpitations for months before he died on December 17 last year.

A coroner's report later revealed the seemingly healthy young man, who worked out most nights and was obsessive about his diet, had a 70 per cent blockage in his coronary artery - something commonly seen in people with major heart disease. Adrian said: 'The night before he was suffering from heart palpitations, something he had been saying about for a little while every now and again.

'My wife said to him: 'You need to get checked over. I will book you an appointment at the doctor's for tomorrow'.

'He said: "I'm out with the lads in Liverpool tomorrow, I will do it next week".

'He got ready to go out to Liverpool. He said: "Love you mum, love you dad, see you tomorrow" and went on his night out.

'At 25, you would never think that anything's seriously wrong. When Sam walked out of that door that night it was the furthest thing from our minds. We never dreamed something like that would happen.'

'The next day Kim, his girlfriend, phoned us asking if we had heard from him.