Smileband health topics

What is Parkinson’s disease?

Parkinson’s disease is a chronic (long-term) neurological condition. It is progressive and symptoms worsen over time. It is named after Dr James Parkinson who first described the condition in 1817.

People with Parkinson’s disease experience a loss of nerve cells in the part of their brains responsible for controlling voluntary movements. This part of the brain is called the substantia nigra (a small cluster of cells deep in the centre of the brain within an area called the basal ganglia). The nerve cells in the substantia nigra usually produce a chemical called dopamine which helps transmit messages from the brain to the rest of the body via the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord). As these cells are lost, people with Parkinson’s disease experience a loss of dopamine and the messages controlling movement stop being transmitted efficiently.

Parkinson’s disease is more common as people get older but it can affect younger adults. Men tend to be affected in slightly higher numbers than women.

What causes Parkinson’s disease?

We do not know what causes Parkinson’s disease. There is some evidence to suggest that there is a genetic factor which increases the risk of Parkinson’s disease within some families. Also, there might be an increased risk if people have come into contact with a particular toxin (poison) or toxins found in the environment via pesticides and other chemicals used in agriculture. The specific toxin or toxins have not yet been identified but there is ongoing research into this possible cause.

What are the symptoms?

Each person is affected differently by Parkinson’s disease and no two people will experience exactly the same symptoms. The impact of Parkinson’s disease can be unpredictable and it is common for people to have good days and bad days.

The main symptoms of Parkinson’s disease are:

• tremor (involuntary trembling or shaking movements; the most common symptom)
• rigidity (stiffness)
• slowness of movement (bradykinesia)
• balance problems
• problems with posture (particularly a tendency to stoop forwards)

Other possible symptoms include difficulty initiating movement (for example, when getting up from a chair), a shuffling gait when walking, and freezing when trying to move (especially in confined spaces such as doorways). People might experience a loss of facial expression, speech problems (softened voice, slurred speech), swallowing problems, bowel and bladder problems, difficulties at night (discomfort in bed, cramps, disturbed sleep pattern) and tiredness during the day. Skin can become greasy and people might experience excessive sweating. Sexual problems are common. People often experience depression and anxiety. Another common symptom is small handwriting (micrographia).

Other less common symptoms can include pain and memory problems.

Smileband general news

A woman who was sexually assaulted by a hospital cleaner as she lay helpless in bed on morphine says the ordeal left her scared to leave her own home. The victim, now 27, was an in-patient at Wythenshawe Hospital in Manchester when Ahmed Ismail, now 44, groped her as she lay drowsy in bed.

Ismail, who was working as a cleaner at the time, carried out a second sex assault the following day.

The woman, speaking this week after a compensation payout settlement, said she is still scared to leave her home four years after the assaults in 2014.

She said: 'I'm so nervous. I am scared to go out and will only do things like go to the supermarket when somebody can come with me.

'I used to be really bubbly and, as I come from a very large family, I'd always wanted that myself. There's no way I can imagine that happening now.

'I used to be admitted to Wythenshawe Hospital regularly for an ongoing problem. Now I just take oral antibiotics because I'm too scared to go in hospital as an in-patient.'

Ismail was employed at the time by Sodexo as an agency worker.

Law firm Slater and Gordon, which represented the woman in a civil case against both the hospital trust and Sodexo, said she had been 'failed at so many levels'. She has now secured a five-figure sum in compensation. The hospital trust have now apologised and say that safety of patients 'is our utmost priority'.

Lawyer Kim Harrison said the victim, from south Manchester, had reported a previous incident involving Ismail to the hospital a month before she was assaulted. 

She cannot be named for legal reasons. Ismail, from Hulme, was convicted of two counts of sexual assault in June 2015.

He denied the offences but was found guilty after a trial at Manchester Magistrates' Court and jailed for 18 months at Manchester Crown Court in April, 2016, after an appeal against his conviction was dismissed, the Crown Prosecution Service said.

He was ordered to sign the sex offenders' register for ten years and a Sexual Harm Prevention Order was also issued, banning him from working in any hospital or establishment where in-patients reside.

The woman, who cannot be named for legal reasons, said she decided to speak out about the attacks as a warning. She said: 'My client was failed at so many levels. As well as the man who attacked her, by the people she reported concerns to who failed to take adequate measures to protect her until after she had been assaulted on more than one occasion.

'If her original concerns had been treated more seriously, than perhaps the further assaults could have been prevented.

'It's crucial that lessons are learnt by the trust about how to handle reports of inappropriate behaviour at a much earlier stage.'

A spokesman for Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (MFT), which runs Wythenshawe Hospital, said; 'We wish to again extend our sincere apologies to the patient involved.

'The safety and care of our patients is our utmost priority and we are deeply sorry that this incident took place on one of our hospital wards.

Ahmed Ismail was ordered to sign the sex offenders' register for ten years and a Sexual Harm Prevention Order was also issued

'Behaviour of this kind is completely unacceptable and is not tolerated. Following this incident, the Trust immediately launched an investigation to learn lessons that would prevent any further incidents of this nature.

'The learning from this investigation has been shared appropriately and we wish to reassure our patients, the public and our staff that any allegations of unlawful or inappropriate conduct are immediately and thoroughly investigated and the necessary action is taken accordingly.' 

A Sodexo spokesman has been contacted for comment by MailOnline. 

Smileband health topics

A measles outbreak has spread to five regions in England, infecting 122 confirmed cases. West Yorkshire has the most sufferers with 34 people being struck down with the life-threatening infection, followed by 32 in the West Midlands, 29 in Liverpool and Cheshire, 20 in Surrey and Sussex, and seven in Greater Manchester.

Dr Mary Ramsey, head of immunisation at Public Health England, believes the measles outbreak in England has come from Europe as people travel to regions experiencing epidemics, such as Italy, Germany,  and Romania.

She adds that in order to avoid an epidemic in the UK, parents should vaccinate their children against measles, mumps and rubella (MMR). 

To prevent a measles outbreak, it is recommended that 95 per cent of the population is immunised against the infection.

Only 91.9 per cent of children were vaccinated against measles between 2015 and 2016 compared to 94.2 per cent in 2014 to 2015 and 94.3 per cent in 2013 to 2014, according to NHS immunisation statistics. 

The World Health Organization (WHO) claims people's fear of vaccines, along with complacency, means many, particularly young children, are unprotected. 

The decision by parents not to vaccinate their children could be attributed to disgraced gastroenterologist Andrew Wakefield's theory in 1995 that the MMR vaccine is linked to bowel disease and autism. His controversial views have since been widely discredited. Epidemics in Europe  

Earlier this year, the WHO warned measles was spreading across Europe in regions where vaccination rates are low, namely France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Romania, Switzerland and Ukraine. 

Data published in November last year by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control in the Communicable Disease Threat Report show that from January 2016 to November 2017, more than 19,000 measles cases were reported in the European Union, including 46 deaths.

The highest number of cases in 2017 were reported in Romania, where 7,759 people suffered, followed by Italy with 4,775 cases and Germany with 898 sufferers. Greece also experienced a measles outbreak, with at least 368 cases, and one death, since May 2017.

These outbreaks occurred due to insufficient vaccination levels. 

Dr Ramsay said: 'Due to ongoing measles outbreaks within Europe, we will continue to see imported measles cases in the UK in unimmunised individuals.

'This serves as an important reminder for parents to take up the offer of MMR vaccination for their children when offered at one year of age and as a pre-school booster at three years, four months of age.'

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Anaplasmosis is a tick-borne illness caused by the bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum. The disease was previously classified as Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis (HGE), but the name has recently been changed to Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis (HGA).

The tick that spreads anaplasmosis is commonly found in the northeast, upper Midwest, and northwestern parts of the United States. The first symptoms of anaplasmosis begin within 1-2 weeks after the bite of an infected tick. Symptoms of anaplasmosis can vary person to person and some people can become ill with all the symptoms. Rash is rarely reported with anaplasmosis infections, and if patients have a rash, it may indicate coinfection with another tick-borne illness.

Symptoms of anaplasmosis include:

• Fever
• Headache
• Muscle pain
• Malaise
• Chills
• Nausea / Abdominal pain
• Cough
• Confusion
• Rash (rare)

Anaplasmosis can be a serious disease, even in previously healthy people, if not treated correctly.

Arizona will typically see 2-5 cases of anaplasmosis reported each year. 

Transmission
Anaplasmosis is spread by the bite of an infected tick.

Blood transfusions and organ transplantation are also possible modes of transmission.

The incubation period is 1-2 weeks.

Lab Tests & Specimen Info

Test*	Specimen
PCR (this test should be used during the acute phase of the disease)	Whole Blood
Serology (Acute and convalescent specimens should be sent and the convalescent should be collected 2-4 weeks after the acute)	Serum
Microscopic examination (this test should be used during the first week of illness)

Smileband health topics

The annual flu epidemic has suddenly become serious. Few could have missed the alarming headlines last week about the dramatic rise in cases — GP consultations for ‘flu’ up by 78 per cent, hospital admissions up by 50 per cent and intensive care admissions up by 65 per cent compared with the week before. Nearly 2,000 people have now been hospitalised because of complications owing to this year’s flu outbreak, according to Public Health England — and 85 have died as a result.

Worryingly, the danger is far from over, with the flu season set to last at least to the end of February, and possibly as late as May, according to the Department of Health’s Communicable Disease Centre.

It’s not the flu virus itself that claims lives, but ‘almost always flu-related pneumonia, the most common cause of death from flu’, explains Dr Ben Marshall, a consultant respiratory physician at Southampton General Hospital. It’s been reported that the tragic death this month of Bethany Walker, 18, from Applecross in Wester Ross, Scotland, was due to flu-related pneumonia.

What many people may not realise is that there is a pneumonia vaccine that can help protect against the bacteria most commonly responsible for the disease, Streptococcus pneumoniae (also known as pneumococcus). This one-off vaccine can last for up to 20 years.

But while it’s been available for 17 years and is offered for free on the NHS to at-risk groups, uptake remains low — this includes the over-65s, with around a third (four million people) declining the free jab.

Uptake is even lower among people with conditions that raise the risk of pneumonia, including long- term kidney, liver and heart problems such as congenital heart disease, anyone with COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), diabetes and those having chemotherapy for cancer or on long-term steroids for severe asthma or arthritis — with just four in ten having the jab.

This is deeply worrying, says Dr Marshall. ‘We know the vaccine protects around 45 per cent of people over 65 and those with chronic illness, compared to around 70-75 per cent of those with healthy immune systems.

‘But this is still very worthwhile. For people of any age, I would recommend consideration of vaccination for pneumonia if there’s an underlying medical condition that might increase the risk of serious complications.’

Experts suspect that one reason people don’t have the jab is simply because most don’t know about it. The rate of vaccination among the general population — who have to pay a £70 fee to a pharmacy to have the jab privately — is perhaps, not surprisingly, even lower than among at-risk groups. And if they do know about the jab, many people think pneumonia is a serious concern only for people at the end of their lives.

Smileband general news

Two parents have been arrested after 12 of their children were found shackled to beds inside their home in California. The victims, all siblings aged between two and 29 years old, were being held captive at the home of David Allen Turpin, 57, and Louise Anna Turpin, 49, in Perris, California, police said.

Riverside County Sheriff's Department began investigating after a 17-year-old girl managed to free herself, call police on a cell phone and escape the home, cops said. The teenager, who was so emaciated police thought she was just 10 years old, told cops her 12 siblings were being held inside the home on the 100 Block of Muir Woods Road.

Officers then arrived at the home and found several children and adults chained and padlocked to to beds in a foul-smelling room.   

They were malnourished, dirty and all of them have been hospitalized, police said.

The victims were given food and drinks and Child Protective Services and Adult Protective Services will care for them once they are well enough to be released from hospital.

Police originally thought all of the victims were children but soon discovered seven were adults. 

Mr and Mrs Turpin were arrested and charged with torture and child endangerment. They will appear in court on Thursday. The couple are being held at Robert Presley Detention Center east of Los Angeles and their bail has been set at $9million. 

Pictures on Facebook show the Turpins getting married by an Elvis impersonator in Las Vegas, with 13 children posing for photos in matching outfits for the boys and the girls.

The 10 girls are all dressed in pink dresses with white tights and white shoes, while the boys are seen in suits with purple ties - and bowl haircuts like their father.

Other pictures show the family smiling on a trip to Disneyland, while another shows them wearing Dr Seuss-style shirts, with each child's top emblazoned with 'Thing 1' to 'Thing 13'.

Smileband health topics

Histoplasmosis is an infection caused by a fungus called Histoplasma. The fungus lives in the environment, particularly in soil that contains large amounts of bird or bat droppings. Endemic areas include central and eastern United States, particularly areas around the Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys, as well as parts of Central and South America, Africa, Asia, and Australia.

Symptoms include:

• Fever
• Cough
• Fatigue
• Chills
• Headache
• Chest pain
• Body aches

Transmission

People can get histoplasmosis after breathing in the microscopic fungal spores from the air. Histoplasmosis can’t spread from the lungs between people or between people and animals.

Lab Tests & Specimen Info

Test*	Specimen
Immunodiffusion antibody	Serum

 Isolation Precautions

Standard precautions are recommended in healthcare settings. 

Prevention for Patients
In areas where Histoplasma is known to live, people who have weakened immune systems should avoid doing activities that are known to be associated with getting histoplasmosis, including:

• Disturbing material (for example, digging in soil or chopping wood) where there are bird or bat droppings
• Cleaning chicken coops
• Exploring caves
• Cleaning, remodeling, or tearing down old buildings

Large amounts of bird or bat droppings should be cleaned up by professional companies that specialize in the removal of hazardous waste.

Smileband general news

Police have arrested six members of a Lithuanian gang on suspicion of keeping people as slaves and forcing them to collect charity bags. Officers struck at around 5.30am today on homes across Newcastle and Gateshead.

Twelve people, believed to have been victims of modern day slavery offences, were also removed from the properties during the early morning raids. The raids came after an investigation, launched last year, into a suspected Lithuanian organised crime group. 

Officers believe the alleged gang may have been trafficking people into the north-east of the country from Eastern Europe.

It is thought the suspected slaves were then made to travel across Newcastle collecting donations of clothes left out for charity.

It is alleged these were then processed at a factory in North Shields before being sold abroad, with a cut of the proceeds expected to go back to the charities.

Police believe those carrying out the work were housed in 'sub-standard' shared accommodation and their wages and benefits were controlled by their employers. Superintendent Steve Barron, who is leading the operation, said 12 potential victims have been safeguarded following the morning raids.

He said: 'Our priority, through the work we do in the name of Operation Sanctuary, is to safeguard vulnerable people in our region and victims of modern day slavery, trafficking and associated offences are among some of the most vulnerable we will come across.

'Often individuals don't realise that they are victims and the small wage they earn in this country often exceeds anything they would earn in their home country.

'They are brought into the country on the promise of work, housed in sub-standard accommodation and their benefits and finances are all controlled by their employer.'

He added: 'By executing warrants such as those carried out today, we can help to provide potentially vulnerable victims with the support they need while also disrupting suspected criminal activity.

'We do not believe that any of the charities involved would know that those collecting their bags were potentially victims of modern day slavery and human trafficking. Northumbria Police believe the suspects ran a legitimate business that was then used as a front for their criminal activity.

The business buys in thousands of empty charity bags from across the country and abroad before distributing them to their workers who hand them out to the public to be filled. The clothing from the collected bags is then sold abroad and the company takes a cut of the money.

Police said the charities involved would have been completely unaware many of the employees were potential slavery victims.

HMRC are running a separate investigation to establish whether any of the proceeds from the business were going to the charities in question.

Superintendent Barron added: 'Modern day slavery, trafficking and associated offences are a real challenge in the UK today but local forces like Northumbria will continue to work with national bodies to disrupt this type of criminality and safeguard those vulnerable individuals at the heart of it. 

Smileband general news

Welcome to the coldest village on earth where the average temperature in January is -50C and inhabitant's eye lashes freeze solid mere moments after stepping outside. The remote Siberian village of Oymyakon is the coldest permanently inhabited settlement in the world.   

It was so icy in the Russian village that a new electronic thermometer conked out after recording a bone-cracking minus 62C. The official weather station at the 'pole of cold' registered minus 59C, but locals said their readings were as low as minus 67C - less than 1C off the lowest accepted temperature for a permanent settlement anywhere in the world.

And that record breaking recording was taken in the town back in 1933.

One villager in Oymyakon recorded a temperature of minus 67C, while others agreed that the official reading of minus 59C did not tell the full story. 

The digital thermometer was installed last year to help Oymyakon market itself to tourists, but it gave up the ghost at minus 62C. The village is home to around 500 hardy people and in the 1920s and 1930s was a stopover for reindeer herders who would water their flocks from the thermal spring. 

This is how the town got its name which translates as 'the water that doesn't freeze'.  

The Soviet government later made the site a permanent settlement during a drive to force its nomadic population into putting down roots.     

In 1933, a temperature of minus 67.7C was recorded in Oymyakon, accepted as the lowest ever in the northern hemisphere.

Lower temperatures are recorded in Antarctica, but here there are no permanently inhabited settlements. 

Smileband general news

Westminster jihadi Khalid Masood took steroids before he mowed down four pedestrians and stabbed a police officer in the horrific terror attack. Masood, 52, was shot dead by police after he drove a rental car into pedestrians on Westminster bridge before fatally stabbing PC Keith Palmer, 48.

Masood, who was born in Kent, may have taken performance enhancing drugs hours before he launched the rampage on Westminster Bridge, a pre-hearing inquest at the Old Bailey was told.

Evidence of rage-inducing substances were found in a urine sample taken from Masood’s dead body after he killed PC Palmer and four pedestrians at 2.40pm on March 22.

The families of his victims today called for internet giants to police terrorist material online and questioned why apps like WhatsApp and Telegram require end-to-end encryption.

They also asked that upcoming inquests into the terror attack to investigate whether Masood, 52, was radicalised online or in prison.

Gareth Patterson, QC, representing the victims, said: ‘Why it is that radicalisation material continues to be freely available on the internet we don’t understand.

‘This particular attacker used WhatsApp to send a jihadi document without any difficulty. ‘We just don’t understand why it is necessary for WhatsApp and Telegram and these sort of media applications to have end-to-end encryption.’

Lawyers representing the Home Office said the issue of end-to-end encryption is too broad for an inquest and is a matter of ‘legislation and social policy’.

Masood was shot dead after ramming a hired Hyundai 4x4 into at least 35 people on the bridge and leaving the vehicle to stab PC Palmer to death by the Palace of Westminster.

Spanish teacher and mother-of-two Aysha Frade, 43 from London, US tourist Kurt Cochran, 54, window cleaner Leslie Rhodes, 75, and Romanian tourist Andreea Cristea, 31, died of their injuries after Masood crashed into them.

Judge Mark Lucraft, QC, will preside over inquests into all the deaths, which are due to start at the Old Bailey on 10 September.

‘The lives of many were torn apart by less than two minutes of high and terrible drama. Can I start by expressing my condolences to the families,’ he said.