Sociopath women are present among us, in some of our families and social groups, in some of our workplaces and in the public eye, throughout history and in literature.

They may be fewer in number than male sociopaths and viewed with less fear but do we have cause to be concerned about them?

How do sociopath women differ from sociopath men?

Sociopathy is a disorder of personality. At it's core is a pathological level of narcissism. The self-esteem of the sociopath is poorly regulated because the sociopath acts to protect and sustain an inflated, but ultimately fragile and unstable sense of self. Emotion regulation is compromised by difficulties in experiencing, processing and moderating certain feelings, most especially anger, shame and envy. 

Relationships with other people are generally dysfunctional because the sociopath tends to protect and enhance their own self-esteem at the cost of cooperative relationships and intimacy. The sociopath’s actions are often determined by the dominance of aggression over shame. They often show marked paranoia, experience shallow emotions and lack sincerity. It is thought that sociopaths (some use the term psychopath) constitute one to four percent of the population.

As well as being responsible for over half of all serious crime they cause considerable devastation in the form of physical, psychological and financial damage for people who have been exposed to them. With few exceptions, prevalent studies show that there are more male sociopaths than female ones. Because of this much of what we know and is written about sociopathy has been gleaned from research into its presentation in men. Sociopaths frequently perceive threats from others as acts of disrespect, disloyalty, criticism, or disobedience and seek retribution. The more severe the personality disorder, the more severe, persistent and pervasive the harm done.  Where sociopathic men may use physical dominance and control over their intended target, sociopath women often rely on another approach: manipulation of the minutiae of their close relationships. What motivates sociopaths of both genders is the achievement of power and control over others and the expectation of some sort of gain, which is used to provoke the admiration and envy of others, and in turn glorify the self. Sociopaths tend to single out individuals or groups for abuse. Sociopathic women tend to do this most in the sphere of their control - in their intimate relationships with partners, children, family members, friends and colleagues. Her abuses most often manifest as verbal attacks and covert aggression.

The sociopathic woman may opt to manipulate social networks, for instance, in an attempt to exclude their chosen target from a community. Alternatively, her ploy may take the form of threats of self-injury, with consequences for family and friends. Unlike male sociopaths, sociopath women are not particularly characterised by superficial charm and a grandiose self-image. This could be related to cultural conditions. However like her male counterpart, the sociopathic woman’s response to other people is characterised by a persistent lack of empathy, care, and commitment.

Sociopath women are less likely to physically leave or move on from relationships (e.g. with a child or parent), and their damaging nature is less likely to be detected (emotional abuse as opposed to physical abuse) and therefore may be enduring. Sociopathic tendencies are thus often more subtle and covert in women. They use their powers of emotional manipulation to gain an understanding of the particular vulnerabilities of their chosen target and show a profound absence of empathy at their exploitation. 

How sociopath women commonly abuse other people:

By way of illustration, here’s an episode in the life of a young woman called Sally, whose sociopathic and manipulative mother often tries to damage Sally’s relationships with other people. Sally’s mother, Adrianna, became convinced that her daughter had spoken about the emotional neglect and abuses she’d experienced as a child to her mother-in-law, a kindly woman to whom she had increasingly become close since she married some months ago. Adrianna felt injured and angry with her daughter because of her belief Sally had been speaking ill of her, so she sought revenge. She devised an elaborate hoax, sending bogus emails from an anonymous ‘concerned’ friend saying that her mother-in-law was of questionable character. In one anonymous email she claimed that Sally’s mother-in-law and confidante had, at 17 years of age, given up her first born child for adoption because she didn’t want to put an end to her hedonistic lifestyle!

None of the claims were true of course, and Sally had enough experience of her mother to suspect her of the ruse, but the emails and injurious accounts of her mother-in-law caused both Sally and her mother-in-law needless distress. Adrianna exhibits traits commonly seen in sociopaths. First, her harmful conduct is motivated by a desire for revenge by way of humiliating her daughter’s mother-in-law. However, her plans are grossly disproportionate to the perceived harm of Sally talking to her mother-in-law; indeed Adrianna had no tangible evidence that Sally had spoken to her mother-in-law about her childhood. Nonetheless Adrianna perceived she had been slighted and viewed this as an act of rejection. Therefore her thoughts turn to exacting revenge by way of humiliating the mother-in-law and hurting Sally.

Adrianna is manipulative and deceitful. It is her usual way to plot and scheme for months before she enacts her plans, during which time she has many opportunities to reflect upon the harm she is causing Sally, but she never stops to reflect on her thoughts and actions in this way. She does not stop for empathy and instead makes use of the time to firm up her plans so nothing will go wrong. In this situation she feigns compassion and concern for Sally’s mother-in-law when Sally tells her she received the emails from an anonymous ‘concerned’ friend, but in fact she seeks further opportunity to harm and exploit both women. She feels no remorse for doing so. Instead she criticises Sally and Sally’s mother-in-law at every opportunity. Unfortunately because sociopathic women do not always hurt and maim the people they target in ways that result in visible harms, their acts of cruelty and misdemeanours often remain undetected.

Emotional abuse in relationships can be very damaging and those who have experienced it may struggle with low self-esteem, anxiety and/or depression and may find building trusting relationships difficult in the future.If the issues in this post have affected you and/or you have dealt with these situations in your life, you may find seeing a councillor  can be helpful, you can explore our directory to find out more.

This is the harrowing moment a Polish slave who was forced to work 20-hours-a-day making greeting cards was rescued by police from a squalid loft.

Footage released by officers shows the man cowering under a workman's jacket in the corner of an attic after he was forced into a life of servitude by Edward Zielinski.

The slave was one of two men, alcoholics who could not speak English, who were paid as little as £10-a-week to work from 8am in the morning until 4am the following night.

Zielinski, 42, has now been jailed for 40 months after he admitted two charges of human trafficking at Nottingham Crown Court. In May and June this year, Zielinski, of Nottingham, exploited two vulnerable Polish men, locking his victims in the loft during the night forcing them to urinate in plastic bottles.

The first victim came to the UK of his own accord in 2008 and initially lived in London but got into debt with Zielinski's cousin, owing around £800 for the cost of a new passport and other bills. He was sent to Nottingham to work for Zielinski to pay off the debt.

When he arrived at a house in the Radford area of the city, he was put to work making greetings cards, working up to 20-hours-a-day from 8am to 4am with only limited breaks.

He was often threatened with violence and even beaten if Zielinski didn't think he was working hard enough. 

Kevin Spacey was brought up by a Nazi father who raped his brother and brutalized his family so badly that they called him The Creature, his older brother exclusively told the DailyMail.com. 

Now, as the Oscar-winning actor faces allegations of trying to seduce Star Trek's Antony Rapp when he was just 14 years old and of sexually assaulting a relative of former US news anchor Heather Unruh, the truth of his own troubled upbringing has been revealed. Spacey's older brother Randall Fowler, 62, described the current allegations leveled at his brother as 'disturbing' to DailyMail.com, as he acknowledged he had been made aware of them in the early hours of Monday morning.

Spacey, 58, claims not to recall the incident with Rapp, and has issued an apology of sorts for 'what would have been inappropriate drunken behavior.'

In a tweeted statement he went on to say that the story has encouraged him to 'address other things' about his life, speaking openly for the first time about his homosexuality and choice to now live 'as a gay man.'

Fowler has given some insight into what those 'other things' might be, as he admitted he was sexually abused by their father for years and that his mother knew of the abuse. Fowler is a Rod Stewart impersonator and limo driver in Boise, Idaho. His life is a world away from that of his famous brother from whom he is estranged.

But, according to Fowler, along with older sister Julie, he and the notoriously secretive star shared a brutal upbringing in a 'house of horrors' dominated by their ultra right wing, perverted sadist of a father.

Thomas Geoffrey Fowler was such an abusive figure that, his oldest son admitted, he avoided having children of his own for fear that they would 'inherit the sexual predator gene.'

Fowler recounted that damage and the toll it took on him and his siblings in an interview with The Mail on Sunday shortly after Spacey - who was not then openly gay - was arrested in a park in London in the early hours of the morning in March 2004.

Now, the House of Cards star has admitted that he has loved and had romantic relationships with both men and women and 'chooses to live life as a gay man.' 

And much like Spacey, the character Frank Underwood on Netflix's hit political show also kept his sexuality hidden away, having trysts with both men and women throughout the series in secret. 

At the time of the interview, Fowler described his brother as an 'empty vessel' who had never had a real relationship with anyone other than his mother.

He said: 'Neither of us had a chance growing up with two such damaged parents. I went through three marriages and 40 affairs.'

Their father, Thomas Geoffrey Fowler, joined the American Nazi Party when Spacey and his brother were just boys. He trimmed his mustache to resemble Adolf Hitler and he regularly whipped and raped his eldest son, Randall Fowler. 

Plant a seed to make a change, The subject around the world is that we all need to aim to help the world smile with the support from others that wish to see a change, even if its two hours of your day to take time to earn support would means a world of change to a person that don't have the values you have in life, find a product or a way to talk and see a vision of difference that explains or justifies a purpose to who has that aim to make a change no matter how small or big, it's all a benefit to the required source who needs the help. Please think and open your mind before you speak.https://think-global.org.uk/our-work/projects/start-the-change/

A murder investigation has been launched after a teenager was stabbed to death outside a popular shopping centre.

Police were called following reports of a seriously injured male in Croydon, south London at around 7pm last night.

They found the victim, who is believed to be 17, with serious stab injuries. Officers administered first aid before the London Ambulance Service arrived, but he was pronounced dead at the scene.

The incident took place on Croydon's pedestrianised North End road, which runs alongside the Whitgift shopping centre.

Croydon Central MP Sarah Jones tweeted: 'Very, very sad that a boy has been murdered in Croydon tonight. All my thoughts are with his family and friends. She later told the London evening standard 'Tonight, in Croydon, I am praying for a life lost, a family devastated, and a community in shock.'

Police believe they know the identity of the victim, who has not been named as enquiries are under way to locate his next of kin. Scotland Yard said detectives from the Homicide and Major Crime Command are investigating, that a cordon remains in place at the scene and no arrests have been made.

Formal identification and a post-mortem examination will also be arranged.  Anyone with information that may assist the investigation should call police on 101 or Crimestoppers on 0800 555 111. 

Africans living in northern India are locking themselves into their homes after a spate of mob attacks left several people hospitalised. 

Five Nigerian students were attacked by crowds and another was beaten unconscious by a mob inside a shopping mall in the district of Noida, near Delhi.

Film of the attack prompted a social media outcry and the victim told local media no one had helped or called the police as he was beaten unconscious with knives and bricks. Two more African students were assaulted in a separate incident by masked men. The attacks began after the parents of a local teenager blamed Nigerian students for supplying him with the drugs that caused him to die of an overdose. Police detained five local Nigerian men on suspicion of drug dealing, abduction murder, but they were later released after a post mortem failed to confirm an overdose was the cause of death.  

After their arrest, a group of African students gathered to peacefully demonstrate, which was met with a counter protest by locals. 

Violence broke out and police said 100 people then attacked students in a nearby shopping mall. It has prompted the Association of African Students in India issued a statement to all Africans in the area and urged them to stay indoors. They also claimed they would continue to publicise the continuing "racism" Africans face in India.

"All African Students Studying in Greater Noida are hereby instructed to stay at home as the situation remains volatile. We are advising all the student representatives from Africa to request their students to remain at home," their advisory said. 

Enduranca Amalawa, 21, an economics student at a local university, was caught up in the mob attack.

Calling the attacks "deplorable" Gopal Baglay, a Ministry of External Affairs spokesman said authorities were working "to keep the situation under control."

Irish Americans were slaves once too — or so a historically inaccurate and dangerously misleading internet meme would have you believe.

The meme comes in many varieties but the basic formula is this: old photos, paintings and engravings from all over the world are combined with text suggesting they are historic images of forgotten “Irish slaves.”

The myth underlying the meme holds that the Irish — not Africans — were the first American slaves. It rests on the idea that 17th century American indentured servitude was essentially an extension of the transatlantic slave trade. Popular among racists, white supremacists, neo-Nazis, white nationalists and neo-confederate groups, the “Irish slave” trope is often accompanied by statements to the effect of, “Our ancestors suffered and we got over it, why can’t you?” According to Liam Hogan — a librarian and scholar who has tracked the myth — references to these “Irish slaves” are used to derail conversations about racism and inequity. 

“The principle aim of this propaganda, which aligns with that of the international far-right, is to empty the history of the transatlantic slave trade of its racial element,” says Hogan.

The meme has become increasingly visible since 2013. Its trajectory has paralleled the rise of Black Lives Matter and has even used that movement’s language with graphics, t-shirts and Facebook groups that proclaim, “Irish Lives Matter. In a six- series on medium, Hogan deconstructs the images and claims that have fueled the meme. That picture of “Irish slave” children? That’s actually a photo of young coal mine workers in Pennsylvania in 1911. The one of the “Irish” man being beaten to death in front of a crowd in the 1800s? That’s really a black man tied to a whipping post and being tortured in the 1920s.

Dominic Sandbrook reviews White Cargo: the Forgotten History of Britain's White Slaves in America by Don Jordan and Michael Walsh

In April 1775, two days after the American War of Independence began, a notice appeared in the Virginia Gazette offering rewards for the return of 10 runaways. Two were "Negro slaves", but the other eight were white servants, including Thomas Pearce, a 20-year-old Bristol joiner, and William Webster, a middle-aged Scottish brick-maker. Whether they were ever found remains a mystery; almost nothing is known about them but their names. But their irate master was to become very famous indeed, for the man pursuing his absconding servants was called George Washington.

Pearce and Webster were indentured servants, the kind of people often ignored in patriotic accounts of colonial America. In the 17th and 18th centuries, tens of thousands of men, women and children lived as ill-paid, ill-treated chattels, bound in servitude to their colonial masters. It is a sobering illustration of human gullibility that, in return for vague promises of a better life, men would sign away their lives for 10 years or more. Once in the New World, they were effectively items of property to be treated as their masters saw fit. Brutal corporal punishment was ubiquitous: every Virginia settlement had its own whipping post. One man was publicly scourged for four days with his ears nailed to the post. He had been flirting with a servant girl. Briskly written by Don Jordan and Michael Walsh, a pair of television documentary producers, White Cargo is harrowing reading. For while thousands of servants signed up for the colonies of their own will, thousands more were shipped across by force. We associate transportation with Australia but, by the time of independence, perhaps one in 100 Americans was a convict. English officials were open in their determination to send the "scum" of their booming cities to the colonies. During the Georgian era they exiled 1,000 prisoners across the Atlantic every year.

Some of these people were hardened criminals, but not all. Hundreds of girls sent over in the 1620s were probably child prostitutes dragged off the London streets. James I ordered that 100 "rowdy youths" from Newmarket be shipped across to Virginia; in fact, they were just exuberant local lads whose horseplay had annoyed the king. 

Most shocking of all, thousands of poor London children were rounded up by the constables and thrown on to the nearest ship. Urchins as young as five were shipped to America, where they spent most of their lives in backbreaking service. Few lived long enough to reach adulthood. And yet this horrifying enterprise had some impressive advocates. "It shall sweep your streets, and wash your doors, from idle persons, and the children of idle persons," declared the poet John Donne.

Yet although Jordan and Walsh present their material in a breezy fashion, this is an unsatisfying book. For one thing, the narrative feels very disjointed, not least because chapters of six pages or fewer are too short for a work of this kind. There are some splendid anecdotes, but they never knit into a coherent story or argument. It is telling that the book ends with a perfunctory two-paragraph conclusion that vaguely wonders whether the "present-day American psyche" owes something to "the harsh conditions of those early settlements", but doesn't really provide an answer.

A more serious problem is the whole business of slavery. The book is subtitled and marketed as the "forgotten history of Britain's white slaves in America". Yet as the authors admit, indentured servants were not slaves. It is true that they were dreadfully treated; indeed, Barbados planters often treated their slaves better than their servants, because the former were so vital to their economic success. The authors are right to remind us that African slavery was one form of bondage among many, rather than a unique and unprecedented condition.

All the same, it was almost always much better to be a European servant than an African slave. Not only were servants transported in better conditions, they could also hope to be free men, if they survived their term of service. Above all, they were white, which meant that they were automatically different from the West African slaves. As the servants would have pointed out, the racial codes of the American colonies were a lot more than window-dressing. Calling them slaves might be a marketing ploy, but it stretches the meaning of slavery beyond breaking point.

Scottish Jamaicans are Jamaican people of Scottish descent. Scottish Jamaicans include those of European and mixed Asian and African ancestry with Scottish ancestors, and date back to the earliest period of post-Spanish, European colonisation. Jamaica was a focal point of Scotland’s involvement in the slave trade and a campaign group, launched last year, are determined to bring that issue to the fore.

Scotland Jamaica appeared before the Holyrood petition committee on Tuesday, to call for Scotland to acknowledge its heritage of slavery and begin building new economic and development bonds with the island.

Visiting in September, Prime Minister David Cameron put to bed any suggestion of the UK paying reparations for its role in the enslavement and exploitation of Jamaica. Flag Up isn’t asking for reparations however, it wants the Scottish Government to make Jamaica a priority in terms of trade and development – similar to the bonds that exist between Scotland and Malawi.

NATIONAL AMNESIA? 

While textbooks in Scotland focus on the role of Scottish abolitionists such as William Dickson, Scotland’s own involvement in the slave trade has been largely forgotten.

Professor Tom Devine, right, who edited a 2015 collection of essays entitled Recovering Scotland’s Slavery Past: The Caribbean Connection, argues that it is a huge area of Scottish history that has been marginalised.

“There has been a collective national amnesia about slavery,” he said.

According to the professor, Scotland’s disproportionate role in the slave trade has only started coming to light in the last 10-15 years.

In their petition, Flag Up Scotland Jamaica have detailed the complex historical links between the two countries.

The first Scots to appear on the island were not seeking fortune, they were exiles.

Scottish prisoners of war arrived in Jamaica in 1656 to begin new lives as indentured servants on sugar plantations.

In 1655 Jamaica had been captured from the Spanish and the new colony was seen by Cromwell as a convenient place to ship Scottish prisoners seized during the battles at Dunbar in 1650 and Worcester in 1651.

Hair is one of the major contributors that impart beauty to any individual. Hair color is also important and with little exception, black is the preferred color for almost all regardless of the region. The ethnic group is also a key factor governing the hair color.

The hair color is mainly controlled by a specific pigment present in the hair which is called melanin. The difference of the white and grey hair is still a debate and there are two opinions governing the debates.

One group says that the difference of the color is physiological and is a usual behavior which is because of the lack of melanin pigment in the hair follicles. However the other group claims pathological process as a reasons of changes in hair colour. 

Though initially the people were not concerned about the hair  colour, but nowadays the grey and white hair is being complained by teenagers and this was not the case observed till a few decades ago and very few reports are there which show the teenager’s hair getting white or grey before that.

Almost all age groups and gender are affected by this which alarms the experts in the field and nowadays the research has been going on to understand the etiology and find out the therapeutic intervention against it.

Plastic, one of the most preferred materials in today's industrial world is posing serious threat to environment and consumer's health in many direct and indirect ways. Exposure to harmful chemicals during manufacturing, leaching in the stored food items while using plastic packages or chewing of plastic teethers and toys by children are linked with severe adverse health outcomes such as cancers, birth defects, impaired immunity, endocrine disruption, developmental and reproductive effects etc. Promotion of plastics substitutes and safe disposal of plastic waste requires urgent and definitive action to take care of this potential health hazard in future. The advent of fuel based plastics has revolutionized the industrial world and there is no area of manufacturing which is untouched by plastics. Convenience and cost factors have pitch forked plastics as the most preferred material of choice till recently, a rethinking about its impact on environment and sustainability is slowly putting a brake on its continued use. While cheap petroleum fuels from which most plastics are derived was once justified to introduce them in place of traditional materials like glass and metals, this plea cannot hold any more since the cost of non-renewable fossil fuels increased several fold during the last 3 decades. Research based on plastics proves their injurious nature towards human health in many direct or indirect ways. Phthalates or phthalate esters are esters of phthalic acid mainly used as plasticizers (substances added to plastics to increase their flexibility) in Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC). PVC is a widely used material, including extensive use in toys and other children's products such as chewy teethers, soft figures and inflatable toys. Di (2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), di-isononylphthalate (DINP), di-isodecyl phthalate (DIDP), benzyl - butyl - phthalate (BBP) and di-n- octyl- phthalate (DNOP) are phthalates mainly used in converting polyvinyl chloride (PVC) from a hard plastic to a flexible plastic. Phthalates migrate into the air, into food and into people including babies in their mother's wombs. Phthalates can be released from soft PVC by surface contact, especially where mechanical pressure is applied e.g. during chewing of a PVC teether). Release of phthalates during manufacture, use and disposal of PVC products, in addition to their use as additives in ink, perfumes etc. has lead to their ubiquitous distribution and abundance in the global environment.

The family of Dalian Atkinson, who died after police repeatedly Tasered him, have told of their “agony and frustration” at still not knowing why officers used force against him.

Atkinson, a former Premier League football star, died aged 48 in August after a clash with police during which he was shot with a Taser three times outside his father’s home in Telford, Shropshire.

His funeral is on Saturday and his family told of their pain as they waited for the results of inquiries into his death.  His sister Elaine said: “We want to celebrate Dalian’s life but the way that he died while he was so vulnerable casts such a dark shadow over everything. Every day is filled with agony and frustration because we still do not know what happened nor understand why such force was used on him.”

The IPCC inquiry is expected to last until late spring or the summer of 2017.

Shortly before his death, Atkinson had been diagnosed a with serious illness affecting his kidneys and his blood pressure, and then with pneumonia.

Elaine Atkinson said: “We all did our best as a family supporting Dalian and being there for him. One comfort we have is that he knew that he was loved and he told us this. Dalian was supposed to have been admitted to hospital for treatment on the day he died.”

Hours before his death, Atkinson, a former player for Aston villa and Real Sociedad, spoke to another of his sisters, Otis, about “his worries and fears about his deteriorating health”. He told her: “All I ever wanted was to make people happy. I played football the way that I did because I wanted to entertain. I wanted everyone to go home with smiles on their faces.”

West Mercia police said the incident that led to his death came when officers were called at 1.39am to reports of concerns for a person’s safety. Atkinson is believed to have argued with and assaulted his father when he went to his home. 

After police arrived, there was a clash with officers. Atkinson collapsed and medical staff tried to revive him for 35 minutes, but he failed to respond and was pronounced dead 90 minutes after police arrived.

The key issues in the criminal investigation will be whether the decision to use force was justified and, if so, whether the level of force was proportionate to Atkinson’s behaviour.  The two officers have been issued with gross misconduct notices and interviewed under criminal caution. The IPCC has stressed its decision to launch a criminal investigation did not mean the officers did anything wrong.

In their statement, Atkinson’s family said he realised his dream to be a top-flight footballer and was a “kind, caring and protective brother, with a lively personality; he was funny and cheeky”.

They said his ill health had affected him badly: “He understandably struggled to come to terms with the sudden diagnosis of serious illness affecting his kidneys and his blood pressure during the last six months of his life. 

“He tried to stay positive, but it was heartbreaking for us to see a further deterioration in his health with pneumonia, leaving his light and energy significantly reduced.”

Shortly after Atkinson’s death, his brother, Kenroy, 53, said the ex-footballer was “in a manic state and depressed” at the time of the incident and had attacked their 85-year-old father, Ernest, at his home before police were called.

Five Bedfordshire Police officers could face criminal charges over the death of a man in custody, the police watchdog has said.

Leon Briggs, 39, died in hospital on 4 November 2013 after being detained at Luton police station.

The Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) has now referred the case to the Crown Prosecution Service.

It said there was "an indication" that five officers and a member of staff "may have committed crimes".

Bedfordshire Police has not made comment.

Updates on this story and more from Beds, Herts and Bucks

Mr Briggs was being held under section 136 of the Mental Health Act following concerns about his behaviour in Marsh Road in the town.

While at the station Mr Briggs was placed in a cell and restrained. He later became ill and was taken to hospital where he was pronounced dead.

Lengthy investigation

In a lengthy probe, the IPCC has investigated a police detention officer and five police officers - two police constables and three sergeants - for their involvement in the restraint of Mr Briggs, all of whom were suspended. 

Five Bedfordshire Police officers could face criminal charges over the death of a man in custody, the police watchdog has said.

Leon Briggs, 39, died in hospital on 4 November 2013 after being detained at Luton police station.

The Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) has now referred the case to the Crown Prosecution Service.

It said there was "an indication" that five officers and a member of staff "may have committed crimes".

Bedfordshire Police has not made comment.

Updates on this story and more from Beds, Herts and Bucks

Mr Briggs was being held under section 136 of the Mental Health Act following concerns about his behaviour in Marsh Road in the town.

While at the station Mr Briggs was placed in a cell and restrained. He later became ill and was taken to hospital where he was pronounced dead.

Lengthy investigation

In a lengthy probe, the IPCC has investigated a police detention officer and five police officers - two police constables and three sergeants - for their involvement in the restraint of Mr Briggs, all of whom were suspended.

The Crown Prosecution Service will now decide whether any charges will follow.

IPCC Commissioner Mary Cuneen said: "I have decided that there is an indication five officers and a member of staff may have committed criminal offences. 

"I have therefore referred the case to the Crown Prosecution Service to consider whether there is sufficient evidence and if it would be in the public interest for any offences of unlawful act manslaughter, gross negligence manslaughter, misconduct in public office, and health and safety offences to be charged."

Mr Briggs' family has been updated and the officers and staff member concerned have been provided with a summary of the IPCC's conclusions.

The law of attraction (LOA) is the belief that the universe creates and provides for you that which your thoughts are focused on. It is believed by many to be a universal law by which “Like Always Attracts like.” The results of positive thoughts are always positive consequences. The same holds true for negative thoughts always leading to bad outcomes. But the LOA is much more than generalizations; thinking about red Lamborghinis will bring you red Lamborghinis – always. To the believers, questioning the validity of the LOA is akin to heresy and blasphemy; it creates religious fervor. To the uninitiated, it may seem silly to discuss even the possibility that such a law could exist.  As I am starting to receive many emails regarding this article, realize that I may not be able to answer all of the comments. In addition, if you are close-minded and believe that the LOA exists irrespective of data or information to the contrary, then this article is not for you. Thanks for visiting - now you can go back to your LOA abundance. This article is intended for those who are new to the LOA, those who don't know about it, and those who have not succeeded in using it and are open-minded and looking for answers. No Purpose: Material abundance and wealth are the most important manifestations to attract. The Universe sets your life purpose. You pick the specific goal based on wants; not values. This is one reason there is less passion driving goal completion because these are not deep-seated principled goals. No Action: The only way to manifest your thoughts into things is to believe and live as if you’ve already accomplished your goal. LOA guru Esther Hicks said, “You did not come into this environment to create through action.” Action shows the Universe that you know you don’t have it and that you doubt its ability to manifest it for you. While it is obvious to most that action is a necessary component of goal achievement, it is completely inconsistent with a belief in a LOA. No Date: When you live as if you have already accomplished your goals, there is no reason to establish deadlines or timelines. As Secret author Rhonda Byrne stated, “It takes no time for the Universe to manifest what you want.” While goal setting research supports the importance of establishing timelines to achieve success, LOA experts assert that it would be inappropriate to set a deadline for the universe to achieve your goal. 6) No Challenges: Challenges are considered negative thoughts and are to be avoided. Besides, if you’ve theoretically already achieved your goal, there could not be any challenges. As Esther Hicks, has stated, “Once you have recognized that thinking of what you do not want only attracts more of what you do not want into your experience, controlling your thoughts will not be a difficult thing…” There are many goal-achieving benefits to acknowledging and planning for challenges that may arise. Unfortunately, a belief in a law of attraction does not allow for you to accomplish this. 8) No Support: Since you will always attract what you think about, you need to avoid any type of support groups for people with mental or physical illnesses or for people with similar experiences. Research shows that support groups such as alcoholics anonymous, weight watchers, or breast cancer support are beneficial. The LOA incorrectly predicts that you will make your problems worse.

Since electronic cigarettes deliver nicotine in the form of water vapor rather than burning tobacco, it’s easy for most people to imagine that vaping is more healthy than smoking. But is that necessarily true?

Vaping is still pretty new to the market, only having been around for about a decade or so. Since it hasn’t been part of the public as much as cigarette smoking, there’s a lot that people don’t know about it. Here, several aspects regarding the two habits smoking vs. vaping will be discussed to help you understand how they are similar or different.

This is one of the biggest questions throughout the vaping and smoking community. Previously, left un-answered due to the lack of research and statistics on the topic. Much has changed in the recent years, with many well-known researchers releasing papers on the subject to shed some light on the theories of others.

There are many aspects to be taken into consideration when making the comparison between vaping and smoking.  

The Chemicals

Whether you’re taking combusted smoke into your lungs or vapor, there are going to be some quite serious health implications that come along with it. The health implications of smoking are a lot more defined and outlined, with vaping being a little more mysterious in the long term. Here’s a summary of the most common health implications found by researchers for both smoking and vaping.                    

The process of smoking includes the combustion of tobacco; created out of thousands of chemicals including at least 70 that have a strong connection to cancer, referred to as “carcinogens”. Some of the most well-known chemicals include:

• Nicotine – The addictive chemical, gives the user the desire to want more. When people say they’re addicted to smoking, they’re addicted to nicotine.
• Hydrogen Cyanide
• Formaldehyde
• Lead
• Arsenic
• Ammonia
• Benzene
• Carbon Monoxide
• Nitrosamines
• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

As mentioned above, many of the chemicals listed above have a strong connection to some leading health conditions, including; cancer, heart disease and lung disease. These chemical elements are not found during the process of creating a cigarette, the chemicals start to occur when the tobacco leaf is combusted, producing the “smoke” in smoking (Cancer.org, 2017). 

There's nothing wrong with wanting to look attractive.  It's just part of being human.  We want to look pretty so that people will want to mate with us so that we can reproduce so that the world can stay rich and full with plenty of humans.  But honestly, some of the things that celebrities do to "perfect" their beauty is kind of a joke.  Keep reading to see the celebrities who destroyed their faces pursuing perfection. 

We've seen a rise in the number of people traveling abroad to have plastic surgery. The cheaper costs may be tempting, but consider the risks. this is on the dangers of medical tourism and get the facts from a trusted source. Plastic surgery is best performed by a qualified board-certified plastic surgeon. Use our free Find a Surgeon tool to find an ASPS Member Surgeon near you.

5 Things You Should Know About Plastic Surgery Tourism

1. Cosmetic surgery is real surgery and has some risks

Every surgery, including cosmetic surgery, has some risks involved. These risks may increase during vacation-related plastic surgery.

2. Vacation-related activities may compromise your health after having a procedure

Cosmetic surgery trips are marketed as vacations, but vacation activities should be avoided after surgery in order to ensure proper healing and reduce the risk of complications.

3. Travel + surgery significantly increases risk of complications

Did you know that long flights or surgery can increase the potential risk of developing pulmonary embolism and blood clots?

4. You may not be legally protected in the U.S.

There are no U.S. laws that protect patients or mandate the training and qualifications of physicians who perform plastic surgery outside the United States. There may be no legal recourse if surgical negligence occurs.

5. Bargain surgery may not be a bargain

Patients can incur additional costs for revision surgeries and complications that may total more than the cost of the initial operation if originally performed in the U.S.

Any woman with a dirty mind is cursed with constant thoughts of sex. It doesn’t matter where you are or what you’re doing, because the naughtiest, nastiest things will creep into your mind at unfortunate times. While your man might be happy about your kinky side, the rest of the world won’t be all that impressed. YOU LAUGH AT INAPPROPRIATE TIMES.
It doesn’t matter if you’re in the middle of an important meeting or at a funeral, because if someone accidentally says something suggestive, you won’t be able to hold back your laughter. Most of the people around you won’t have a clue why you’re laughing, and the people that figure it out will just roll their eyes and call you immature. SEX IS ALWAYS ON YOUR MIND.

Pretty much any conversation will make you think of sex. It doesn’t matter if you’re talking about peanut butter and jelly, because there’s a dirty joke in their somewhere. Even if there isn’t, you’ll create one.

YOU RISK GETTING KINK-SHAMED.When you sleep with someone, you’ll pray that they’re as kinky as you, because you’re going to mention handcuffs to them at some point. If they get frightened by you just joking around about sex toys, imagine how scared they’ll be when you actually suggest using them.

YOU’RE TOLD TO KEEP YOUR VOICE DOWN.Even if you’re in a room full of frisky college students, your friends will tell you to keep your voice down when you start talking about sex. For some reason, people consider it a taboo subject, which you find ridiculous. If everyone around you has had sex before, why can’t you talk about it at a normal volume?

YOU SURPRISE MEN WITH YOUR DIRTY TALK. Men love to talk dirty in the bedroom, but some of them don’t have a clue what they’re doing. Once they hear what you have to say, they’ll be taken aback, because they never knew how naughty someone could really be. YOU ASK INVASIVE QUESTIONS.

When your sister talks about her new boyfriend, your parents will ask her about his age and hobbies. Meanwhile, you’ll ask her about his favorite positions and sex toys. Everyone else will find your questions inappropriate, but you don’t see anything wrong with them.

YOU HAVE UNWANTED FANTASIES.You don’t want to fantasize about the random coworker standing in front of you, but sex is always on your mind, which is why you can’t stop yourself from picturing him naked. You do it to everyone, so it’s not like he’s special.

YOU HATE SPENDING TIME WITH CHILDREN. When your friend’s daughter decides to watch TV with the two of you, you always end up getting in trouble. No matter how hard you try to act appropriately, something dirty will always slip out of your mouth. Then the kid will either giggle or be scarred for life.

YOU HATE SPENDING TIME WITH PARENTS.Children aren’t the only ones you have to be careful around. Even though your parents are used to your sexual jokes, your friends’ parents would be appalled by them. That’s why you have to tone it down whenever you visit their houses. Otherwise, they’ll consider you a bad influence.

YOU STRUGGLE TO FILTER YOURSELF.Some people say whatever’s on their mind. While you’d love to be one of those people, you know that you’d get tossed in jail if you verbalized all of your thoughts. That’s why you try to filter yourself, even though it doesn’t always work out.